An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. A C# exception is a response to an exceptional circumstance that arises while a program is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another. C# exception handling is built upon four keywords: try, catch, finally and throw.
try: A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be activated. It's followed by one or more catch blocks.
catch: A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a prog ram where you want to handle the problem. Thecatch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.
finally: Thefinally block is used to execute a given set of statements, whether an exception is thrown or not thrown. For example, if you open a file, it must be closed whether an exception is raised or not.
throw: A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. Thisis done using a throw keyword.
Syntax
Assuming a block will raise and exception, a method catches an exception using a combination of the try and catch keywords. A try/catch block is placed around the code that mig ht g enerate an exception. Code within a try/catch block is referred to as protected code, and the syntax for using try/catch looks like the following :
try
{
// statements causing exception
} catch( ExceptionName e1 )
{
// error handling code
} catch( ExceptionName e2 )
{
// error handling code
} catch( ExceptionName eN )
{
// error handling code
} finally
{
// statements to be executed
}
You can list down multiple catch statements to catch different type of exceptions in case your try block raises more than one exception in different situations.
Exception Classes in C#
C# exceptions are represented by classes. Theexception classes in C# are mainly directly or indirectly derived from the System.Exc eption class. Some of the exception classes derived from the System.Exception class are the System.Applic ationExc eption and System.SystemExc eption classes.
TheSystem.Applic ationExc eption class supports exceptions g enerated by application programs. So the exceptions defined by the prog rammers should derive from this class.
TheSystem.SystemException class is the base class for all predefined system exception.
Thefollowing table provides some of the predefined exception classes derived from the
Sytem.SystemException class:
|
Exception Class |
Description |
|
System.IO.IOException |
Handles I/O errors |
|
System.IndexOutOfRang eException |
Handles errors generated when a method refers to an array index out of rang e. |
|
System.ArrayT ypeMismatchException |
Handles errors g enerated when type is mismatched with the array type. |
|
System.NullReferenceException |
Handles errors g enerated from deferencing a null object |
|
System.DivideByZ eroException |
Handles errors g enerated from dividing a dividend with zero. |
|
System.InvalidCastException |
Handles errors g enerated during typecasting |
|
System.OutOfMemoryException |
Handles errors g enerated from insufficient free memory |
|
System.StackOverflowException |
Handles errors g enerated from stack overflow |
Handling Exceptions
C# provides a structured solution to the exception handling problems in the form of try and catch blocks. Using these blocks the core program statements are separated from the error-handling statements
These error handling blocks are implemented using the try, catch and finally keywords. Following is an example of throwing an exception when dividing by zero condition occurs:
using System;
namespace ErrorHandlingApplication
{
class DivNumbers
{
int result;
DivNumbers()
{
result = 0;
}
public void division(int num1, int num2)
{
try
{
result = num1 / num2;
}
catch (DivideByZeroException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception caught: {0}", e);
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", result);
}
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
DivNumbers d = new DivNumbers();
d.division(25, 0);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Exception caught: System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero.
at ...
Result: 0
Creating User-Defined Exceptions
You can also define your own exception. User-defined exception classes are derived from the
Applic ationExc eption class. Thefollowing example demonstrates this:
using System;
namespace UserDefinedException
{
class TestTemperature
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Temperature temp = new Temperature();
try
{
temp.showTemp();
}
catch(TempIsZeroException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("TempIsZeroException: {0}", e.Message);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
} public class TempIsZeroException: ApplicationException
{
public TempIsZeroException(string message): base(message)
{
}
} public class Temperature
{
int temperature = 0;
public void showTemp()
{
if(temperature == 0)
{
throw (new TempIsZeroException("Zero Temperature found"));
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Temperature: {0}", temperature);
}
}
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
TempIsZeroException: Zero Temperature found
Throwing Objects
You can throw an object if it is either directly or indirectly derived from the System.Exc eption class. You can use a throw statement in the catch block to throw the present object as:
Catch(Exception e)
{
...
Throw e
}